ABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the growth, hematology and nutrients digestibility of Labeorohita fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with seven isocaloric sunflower meal-based diet supplemented with different concentrations of nanoparticles naming T1 to T7 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg/kg), with 5% wet body weight while chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. After experimentation for 90 days T3 treated group (1mg/kg -1Se-nano level) showed the best result in hematological parameters (WBC's 7.97 ×103mm-3, RBC's 2.98 ×106 mm-3 and Platelet count 67), nutrient digestibility (crude protein: 74%, ether extract: 76%, gross energy: 70%) and growth performance (weight gain 13.24 g, weight gain% 198, feed conversion ratio 1.5, survival rate 100%) as compared to the other treatment groups. Specific growth rates were found significantly higher in T5 than in other groups. The present study indicated positive effect of 1 mg/kg Se-nanoparticles on growth advancement, hematological parameters, and nutrients digestibility of L. rohita fingerlings.
Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os efeitos das nanopartículas de selênio no crescimento, hematologia e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alevinos de Labeo rohita. Os alevinos foram alimentados com sete dietas isocalóricas à base de farinha de girassol suplementada com diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas, nomeando T1 a T7 (0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 2,5 e 3 mg / kg), com 5% do peso corporal úmido enquanto o óxido crômico foi usado como um marcador indigesto. Após a experimentação por 90 dias, o grupo tratado com T3 (nível 1mg / kg -1Se-nano) mostrou o melhor resultado em parâmetros hematológicos (WBC's 7,97 × 103mm-3, RBC's 2,98 × 106mm-3 e contagem de plaquetas 67), digestibilidade dos nutrientes (proteína bruta: 74%, extrato de éter: 76%, energia bruta: 70%) e desempenho de crescimento (ganho de peso 13,24 g, ganho de peso % 198, taxa de conversão alimentar 1,5, taxa de sobrevivência 100%) em comparação com os outros grupos de tratamento. As taxas de crescimento específicas foram encontradas significativamente mais altas em T5 do que em outros grupos. O presente estudo indicou efeito positivo de 1 mg / kg de nanopartículas de Se no avanço do crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de L. rohita.
Subject(s)
Animals , Nanoparticles , Helianthus , Nutrients , Dietary Supplements , Diet , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the growth, hematology and nutrients digestibility of Labeorohita fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with seven isocaloric sunflower meal-based diet supplemented with different concentrations of nanoparticles naming T1 to T7 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg/kg), with 5% wet body weight while chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. After experimentation for 90 days T3 treated group (1mg/kg -1Se-nano level) showed the best result in hematological parameters (WBCs 7.97 ×103mm-3, RBCs 2.98 ×106 mm-3 and Platelet count 67), nutrient digestibility (crude protein: 74%, ether extract: 76%, gross energy: 70%) and growth performance (weight gain 13.24 g, weight gain% 198, feed conversion ratio 1.5, survival rate 100%) as compared to the other treatment groups. Specific growth rates were found significantly higher in T5 than in other groups. The present study indicated positive effect of 1 mg/kg Se-nanoparticles on growth advancement, hematological parameters, and nutrients digestibility of L. rohita fingerlings.
Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os efeitos das nanopartículas de selênio no crescimento, hematologia e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alevinos de Labeo rohita. Os alevinos foram alimentados com sete dietas isocalóricas à base de farinha de girassol suplementada com diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas, nomeando T1 a T7 (0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 2,5 e 3 mg / kg), com 5% do peso corporal úmido enquanto o óxido crômico foi usado como um marcador indigesto. Após a experimentação por 90 dias, o grupo tratado com T3 (nível 1mg / kg -1Se-nano) mostrou o melhor resultado em parâmetros hematológicos (WBCs 7,97 × 103mm-3, RBCs 2,98 × 106mm-3 e contagem de plaquetas 67), digestibilidade dos nutrientes (proteína bruta: 74%, extrato de éter: 76%, energia bruta: 70%) e desempenho de crescimento (ganho de peso 13,24 g, ganho de peso % 198, taxa de conversão alimentar 1,5, taxa de sobrevivência 100%) em comparação com os outros grupos de tratamento. As taxas de crescimento específicas foram encontradas significativamente mais altas em T5 do que em outros grupos. O presente estudo indicou efeito positivo de 1 mg / kg de nanopartículas de Se no avanço do crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de L. rohita.
ABSTRACT
Trichostrongylid em ovelhas foi estudado no Distrito Zhob, Balochistan. Foram coletados 120 tratos gastrointestinais (GIT) de ovelhas do matadouro do distrito. Estas amostras foram processadas para isolamento e identificação de nematódeos tricostrônquicos no Laboratório do Hospital Veterinário do Distrito Zhob. A taxa de prevalência geral foi de 39,1% em machos e 60,8% em fêmeas (p=0,001). A taxa de prevalência em duas raças viz Balochi e Rakhshani foi de 58,3% e 41,6%, respectivamente (p=0,01). A prevalência da espécie observada com Trichostrongylus foi 19,1%, Haemonchus foi 20,8%, Cooperia foi 29,1% e Nematodirus foi 30,8% (p=0,087). Quanto a quantidade de espécies infestadas pelas ovelhas, um único tipo de parasita estava em 32,5% de animais, dois tipos de espécies parasitárias em 36,3% dos animais e três tipos de espécies parasitárias em 30,8% dos animais (p=0,366).(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Trichostrongylosis/veterinary , Trichostrongylosis/epidemiology , Trichostrongylus/isolation & purification , Sheep/parasitology , Nematodirus/isolation & purification , Haemonchus/isolation & purification , Pakistan , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitologyABSTRACT
To scrutinize the knowledge, attitude, and antimicrobial practices in Saudi Arabian Dentistry. In this cross-sectional survey of dentists, a self-administered questionnaire comprising of 61 questions was dispersed to the participants randomly, which included their professional profile, awareness of the current scope of antimicrobial resistance, prescribing practice, frequency of antimicrobial prescription, and sources of continuing education of antimicrobials. The study took place in the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between February and April 2013. Knowledge and awareness concerning specific antimicrobials, with specific oral cavity lesion was 78% for the students and interns, 80% for residents, and 95.3% for specialists. Approximately 89% of the students, interns and residents, and 98.4% of the specialists endorsed indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In addition, 93.4% of students, 90% of interns and residents, and 90.6% of specialists agreed that lack of health education is one of the contributors to overuse of antimicrobials. Moreover, 91.9% of the interns, 80% of residents, and 75.5% of specialists preferred amoxicillin + clavulanate as their first choice; however, a wide variation in the dosage frequency, and duration was observed. Participants are well aware of the significance of antimicrobial resistance, and considered that judicious use of antimicrobials is highly imperative to restrain this fiery predicament. Divergence was demonstrated between specialists and residents in prescribing practices. Institutional antimicrobial guideline was not interesting to all the respondents. This highlights the need for incessant instructive intervention in order to accomplish the prime objective of retreating antimicrobial resistance
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Drug Prescriptions , Dentists , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
To determine the incidence, diversity of [ADRs], and impact of pharmacovigilance on reporting. This prospective and retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January to December 2011 in 600 patients of ADR. Data regarding age and gender distribution of the patients, incidence rate, drugs, body systems/organs involved in ADR, time of occurrence of adverse drug reactions, total number of drugs administered, and impact of pharmacovigilance on finding the incidence rate of ADR were recorded. Comparison of the 2 data was carried out to determine the impact of pharmacovigilance. Incidence rate of ADRs in retrospective study was 3.1% and 5.5% in the prospective study. The highest incidence of ADR [retrospective 15% and prospective 14.5%] was observed in both groups in patients receiving more than 10 drugs. The frequency of ADR in relation to age in both groups was highest in patients of age >60 years; it was 52.7% in retrospective study and 54.5% in prospective study. Antibiotics were the more frequently involved in ADR, [48.5% in prospective study and 36.9% in retrospective study]. The system most commonly involved in ADR was gastrointestinal tract 47.4% in retrospective study and 57.6% in prospective study. None of the ADR proved to be fatal. Low incidence of hospitalized ADR in our study [5.5%] is due to lack of awareness in healthcare professionals in reporting ADR. Undoubtedly, pharmacovigilance brought more patients with ADR to record
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems , Hospitalization , Internal Medicine , Hospitals, Teaching , Retrospective Studies , Prospective Studies , IncidenceABSTRACT
OBJETIVE: A series of tetraketones has been synthesized by way of a one pot synthesis and screened for inhibitory activity against the enzyme lipoxygenase. METHOD: An efficient and high yielding one pot synthesis to tetraketones [2-22] has been developed by way of tetraethyl ammonium bromide (Et4N+Br-) mediated condensation of cyclohexane-1, 3-dione [1] with a variety of aldehydes. Lipoxygenase enzyme solution was prepared so that enzyme concentration in reaction mixture was adjusted to give rates of 0.05 absorbance/minute. The test compounds were prepared in methanol of concentrations 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µM. The reaction mixture contained 160 µL (100 mM) sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10µL of test-compound solution and 20µL of lipoxygenase solution. The contents were mixed and incubated for 10 minutes at 25ºC. The reaction was then initiated by the addition of 10µL substrate solution (linoleic acid, 0.5 mM, 0.12% w/v tween 20 in the ratio of 1:2), with the formation of (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate, the change of absorbance at 234 nm was followed for 6 minutes. The concentrations of the test compounds that inhibited the lipoxygenase activity by 50% (IC50) were determined by monitoring the effect of increasing concentrations of these compounds in the assays on the degree of inhibition. The IC50 values were calculated by means of the EZ-Fit Enzyme-Kinetics Program (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amherst, USA). RESULT: The tetraketones [2-22] were synthesized in high yields (91-98%) using mild reaction conditions. Most of these compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against the enzyme lipoxygenase. It was found that the presence of substituents which increase delocalization of electrons enhances the inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the study is likely to lead to the discovery of therapeutically efficient agents against important disorders such as inflammation and asthma.
OBJETIVO: Una serie de tetracetonas han sido sintetizadas mediante síntesis de varios pasos en un solo reactor (one-pot), y examinadas en relación con su actividad inhibitoria frente a la enzima lipoxigenasa. MÉTODO: Una síntesis one-pot de un rendimiento alto y eficiente para la obtención de tetracetonas (2-22) ha sido desarrollada mediante bromuro amónico tetraetílico (Et4N+Br-) - de ciclohexano-1,3-diona, con una variedad de aldehídos. La solución de enzima lipoxigenasa fue preparada de modo que la concentración de la enzima en las mezcla de la reacción fue ajustada para que diera tasas de 0.05 absorbancia/minuto. Los compuestos de la prueba fueron preparados en metanol de concentraciones (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 y 3.125 µM). La mezcla de reacción contenía 160 µL (100 mM) de un tampón (buffer) de fosfato de sodio (pH 8.0), 10µL de solución de compuesto de prueba, y 20µL de solución de lipoxigenasa. Los contenidos fueron mezclados e incubados por 10 minutos a 25ºC. La reacción fue iniciada entonces por la adición de 10µL de solución substrato (ácido linoleico, 0.5 mM, 0.12% p/v tween 20 en proporción de 1:2), con la formación de (9Z, 11E)-(13S)-13-hidroperoxioctadeca-9,11-dienoato, el cambio de absorbancia a 234 nm fue seguido por 6 minutos. Las concentraciones de los compuestos de prueba que inhibían la actividad de la lipoxigenasa en un 50% (IC50) fueron determinadas monitoreando el efecto del aumento de las concentraciones de estos compuestos en los ensayos sobre el grado de inhibición. Los valores IC50 fueron calculados mediante el Programa Cinética de la Enzima EZ-Fit (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amherst, USA). RESULTADOS: Las tetracetonas (2-22) se sintetizaron con elevados rendimientos (91-98%) usando condiciones de reacción leve. La mayoría de estos compuestos mostraron una actividad inhibitoria significativa frente a la enzima lipoxigenasa. Se halló que la presencia de sustituyentes que aumentan la deslocalización de los electrones contribuye a mejorar la actividad inhibitoria. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que es probable que el estudio conduzca al descubrimiento de agentes terapéuticamente eficientes frente a trastornos importantes tales como la inflamación y el asma.